| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - tional wisdom by assuming that for developing country c, its total factor productivity at year t, TFPct, is determined mainly by the following factors: where Openness Nct captures the openness of developing country c to the developed countries in the North, and X is a vector including all other factors affecting a country's TFP. Here, we consider only openness to the developed countries in the Nor
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