http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - These mechanisms seem to be inverted in MS and other chronic neurodenerative disorders because activated microglia and peripherally derived macrophages are shifted towards a strongly pro-inflammatory phenotype and produce the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-?? and interleukin (IL)1-??, as well as potentially neurotoxic substances including nitric oxide, oxygen radicals and proteolytic enzymes.
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