| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Under the Egyptian Civil Code, for example, a penalty clause is a provision whereby ???[t]he parties [???] fix, in advance, the amount of damages??? due in the event of non-performance of an obligation (Article 223 Egyptian Civil Code: ???The parties may fix in advance the amount of damages either in the contract or in a subsequent agreement [???].??? [Translated from original in Arabic by Perott,
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