. "Nonenzymatic chemical pathways for some steps of the rTCA cycle, however, such as the production of the alpha-ketocarboxylic acids pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, remain a challenging problem for the viability of the ... 252 A novel l-isoleucine hydroxylating enzyme, l-isoleucine dioxygenase from Bacillus thuringiensis, produces (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine." . . .