organic disease of the liver, portal obstruction and ascites may ensue.9Later, Lucius Nicholls in 1913 wrote, ???Cirrhosis of the liver is a common condition of many tropical countries, and numerous authorities have asserted that some cases are caused by repeated attacks of malaria . . .???10 Ronald Ross elucidated the host???mosquito???host cycle of avian malaria in 1898.11 It was only in 1948 th