They have turned to the IHS and other organizations for medical, technical, and financial leadership to build effective and efficient programs. (See Manual Exhibit 3-17-C.) As a result, the EMS program was institutionalized in 1978 within the Office of Health Programs in the IHS. Currently, EMS is a program within the DCPS, OPH, IHS. There are approximately 70 tribal and 2 IHS EMS Programs.