Moreover, recent studies in other modelspecies, such as different mammals and birds, revealed thatpolymorphism in the DRD4 gene is associated with nov-elty seeking, exploration, and escape behavior (Momozawaet al. 2005; Mogensen et al. 2006; Bailey et al. 2007; Fidleret al. 2007; Hejjas et al. 2007; Gutierrez-Gil et al. 2008;Kluen et al. 2012).