Other genes outside of the MHC have been associated with these autoimmune diseases, including the gene encoding the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene.CONCLUSION: Genetic risk for T1D overlaps with AIT, CD, and AD. Disease risk is associated with organ-specific autoantibodies, which can be used to screen subjects with T1D.PMID: