In this assay, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1?? are used to stimulate the expression of ELAM; test agents are tested for their abilities to reduce this expression, in accordance with studies showing that reduction of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cell surface is associated with decreased cellular damage (e.g., Takada, M., Et al., Transplantation 64: 1520???25, 1997; Steinberg, J. B., et al.