An electrolyte, counter electrode, and second substrate including a conductive layer may be laminated to the metal-foil-coated first substrate to complete the photovoltaic cell or module. [0177]FIG. 24 depicts, according to another illustrative embodiment, a metal-foil photovoltaic module 1800 that includes two photovoltaic modules 1804 and 1808 sandwiched together, thus permitting radiation 1812