Pratt and Ashforth (2003) argued that transcendence involves: (1) a connection to something greater than oneself, such as a cause or other people (i.e. transcendence of self through attachment), (2) an integration of the various aspects of oneself, such as identities and traits, into a roughly coherent system (i.e., transcendence of fragmentation through holism and harmony), and (3) self-developme