The membrane is provided such that all or most of materials except a conductive fiber are removed through the pores 213 of the membrane during the process of manufacturing the conductive fiber thin-film. [120] The polymer membrane 211 may be made of polycarbonate, polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polyamides, cellulose ester, regenerated cellulose, nylon, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polysulfo