The only competing psychodynamic framework at this time was Rankian theory, which provided the theoretical underpinnings to the functional school associated with Jessie Taft and Virginia Robinson and the Pennsylvania School of Social Work (Brandell & Perlman, 1997; Goldstein, 1995b).The Expansion of Psychodynamic TheoryBeginning in the late 1930s and especially after World War II, Freudian theory