To meet the increasing demands for ecosystem services provided by forests - in particular the many provisioning services of forests as many people heavily rely on forests for livelihoods and products such as timber, medicines, thatch, fiber and meat <a name=d760e253></a>[<a href=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/11/29#B1>1</a>] - large-scale (passive or active) forest restoration is proba