In an exemplary embodiment, the surface temperature of energy elements 116 a and 116 b is maintained at a temperature of from about 5??? C. to about 37??? C. and preferably from about 5??? C. to about 12??? C. Energy elements 116 a and 116 b that comprise perfusion pads may be made of any suitable material, such as polyester, urethane, nylon, and the like.