| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - To take a different approach to the variety of ways in which you present QM (which all seem fine, but perhaps they miss the underlying structure), we compute expected values of an observable $O$ using the trace rule in QM, $E[O]=\mathsf{Tr}[\hat O\hat\rho]$, in which on one side there is an operator that represents a measurement and on the other side there is a density matrix that represents a sta
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