| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - birth defects, malformations, fetal developmentIntroductionMaternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for miscarriage/perinatal mortality, low birthweight, premature births and small fetuses (DiFranza and Lew, 1995; Royal College of Physicians 2010; Shah and Bracken, 2000; US Surgeon General, 2001, 2004).
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