| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Acute exacerbation was defined using the following criteria proposed by Kondoh et al5and Akira et al6: (1) acute worsening of dyspnea within 1 month of presentation, (2) new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography or CT, (3) deterioration in pulmonary function measurements or gas exchange, and (4) absence of an identifiable cause including infections or cardiovascular disease.
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