| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Cytokines such as TNF-?? and interleukin-1 probably contribute to the pathogenesis of severe malaria, and some authors have suggested that plasma exchange, plasmaphere-sis, and hemodialysis are effective alternatives to exchange transfusion [50].Unproven treatmentsTherapy with monoclonal antibodies against TNF-?? shortens the duration of fever, but has no impact on mortality in patients with sever
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