| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - The ???qawm??? had a dual effect inAfghanistan???s history; on the one hand it has prevented the central government topromote modernity while on the other hand it has been a crucial ???social capital??? for theresilience of the Afghan society to external shocks such as war, drought and failedgovernance. 3 In the absence of functioning government since 1978 in most part of Afghanistan, thetribal an
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