| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Further, the BER approximations give a lower bound on the laser linewidth requirements in M-ary PSK and 16QAM. It is shown that as far as laser linewidth tolerance is concerned, 16QAM outperforms 16PSK which has the same spectral efficiency (SE), and has nearly the same performance as 8PSK which has lower SE. Thus, 16-QAM is a promising modulation format for high SE coherent optical communications
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