| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Substrates, advantageously, have functional groups (e.g., amino groups, carboxylic acids, active esters, acid halides, hydroxyls, ketones, aldehydes, olefins, ??,??-unsaturated carbonyls, ??-halocarbonyls, hydrazides, imidazoles, thiols, disulfides, halides or other leaving groups, photoactivatable groups, etc.) that allow for the convenient chemical linkage of the substrate to i) ECL labels, ii)
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