| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - element and a vertical optical waveguide. [0073]FIG. 45 is a sectional side view of a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser optically connected to a planar waveguide through a gradient taper turning element. [0074]FIG. 46 is a sectional side view of a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser embedded within an under-cladding layer on a semiconductor substrate, with the laser connected to a planar w
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