| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - Details of echocardiography, including quality control, have previously been reported. 20 Ejection fraction was determined semi-quantitatively using visual assessment and a modified Quinones formula.21, 22 Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was defined as an ejection fraction less than 50%. 23, 24CovariatesCovariate information was obtained at the time of the third ARIC visit, with the two exce
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