| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response is a ___ ___. positive reinforcement ??? ??? ??? A stimulus that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is a ___ ___. negative reinforcement ??? ??? ??? Reinforcers, such as food and shock, that are related to basic needs and therefore do not rely on learning are called ___ ___.
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