| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - A macrophage APC helps this activation in two further ways, by providing costimulus via nonantigenic plasma membrane proteins, and by secreting IL-1 and TNF. IL-1 and TNF stimulate the CD4 T cell to secrete IL-2 and to express receptors for IL-2, providing a proliferative stimulus to the activated CD4 T cell, forming a clone of identical T cells which release IL-2 and other cytokines.
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