| http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#value | - it is possible that the outcome of cancer might be independent of the hidden causal factor or, for that matter, that it might be independent of whether someone smokes or not. (Indeed, logically, at least, it may be independent of both, although of course that???s not what we???ll find in the real world.) The second caveat in how we think about the arrows and causality is that the arrows only captu
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